19a. It involved the overthrow of the Catholic King James . In response, a group of nobles led by Cond proclaimed their intention of "liberating" the king from "evil" councillors and seized Orlans on 2April 1562. 1) Valois royal family: Catholic, but also politique: tendency to place political considerations before religious ones 2) Guise: ultra-Catholics 3) Bourbons: Huguenots (Calvinists) Major Events in French Religious Wars 1550's Calvinism spreads in southern France--laymen, nobles 1562 Massacre at Vassy : Duke of Guise kills group of Huguenots The new duke, Philip the Good, allied himself with the English. It was very similar to Humanism, but it emphasized nonsecluar thought. [citation needed]. Look back at the revolt staged by the largest Jewish ghetto in Nazi-occupied Poland. Why and how did Charles divide his kingdom? [15], Other members of the Circle included Marguerite de Navarre, sister of Francis I and mother of Jeanne d'Albret, as well as Guillaume Farel, who was exiled to Geneva in 1530 due to his reformist views and persuaded John Calvin to join him there. He commissioned Michelangelo's great paintings in the Sistine Chapel. The Valois descended from Charles, Count of Valois (12701325), the second surviving son of King Philip III of France (reigned 12701285). Bourbon Family. The two kings were on the point of taking Paris with their great army, when the French king fell by the hands of an assassin. The Hundred Years' War could be considered a lengthy war of succession between the houses of Valois and Plantagenet. Thus the French magnates chose as their new monarch Philip of Valois, who became King Philip VI of France. However, Catholics continued to have a hostile opinion of Protestants in general and of Henry, and his assassination in 1610 triggered a fresh round of Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s. When shortly thereafter Robert of Artois, who had helped Philip to win the crown, claimed the countship of Artois against a member of the royal family, Philip was forced to institute judicial proceedings against Robert, who became his bitter enemy. [21] This allowed Protestantism to be clearly defined as heresy, while Francis was furious at the breach of security which had allowed one of the posters to be placed on the door of his bedchamber. [31], The death of Henry II in July 1559 created a political vacuum and an internal struggle for power between rival factions, which the 15 year old Francis II lacked the ability to control. On 1March, Guise family retainers attacked a Calvinist service in Champagne, leading to what became known as the massacre of Vassy. [23] Along with Cond and her husband Antoine of Navarre, she and their son Henry of Navarre became Huguenot leaders. A political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided). According to estimates, between two and four million people died from violence, famine or diseases which were directly caused by the conflict; additionally, the conflict severely damaged the power of the French monarchy. Catherine de Medici- why was she unpopular? The Capetian house of Valois[a] (UK: /vlw/ VAL-wah, also US: /vlw, vlw/ va(h)l-WAH,[1] French:[valwa]) was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. 10. This continued throughout 1561 in more than 20 cities and towns, sparking attacks on Protestants by Catholic mobs in Sens, Cahors, Carcassonne, Tours and elsewhere. At the Siege of Rouen (MayOctober1562), the crown regained the city, but Antoine of Navarre died of his wounds. Many Huguenots emigrated to Protestant countries. -Central Europe To raise taxes for war, he was obliged to make concessions to the nobility, the clergy, and the bourgeoisie; hence his reign witnessed the important development of the political power of the estates. Division in the Church was created by having popes in both Avignon and Rome. 6. However, in September1589, Henry inflicted a severe defeat on the Duke at the Battle of Arques. Historians estimate that 2,000Huguenots were killed in Paris and thousands more in the provinces; in all, perhaps 10,000 people were killed. The King of Spain was a grandson of the deceased emperor, but the electors thought him to be a foreigner as much as the French king. Original music by Dan Powell and Marion Lozano . France was surrounded by enemies on all sides. The warring parties arranged long truces, during which the French king prepared for the renewal of war, while the English relaxed and took a break from fresh taxes. The crown hastily negotiated a truce of seven months with Alenon and promised Casimir's forces 500,000livres to stay east of the Rhine,[83] but neither action secured a peace. The first reason why the Reign of Terror was justified is that it brought a democracy to the French people; A democracy that had freed the French people from a monarchy that was going to destroy the common folk by crushing them with starvation, tensions between the common folk, nobles , and the church. Their strong position in France enabled three of the Valois kings (Charles VIII, reigned 148398; Louis XII, reigned 14981515; and Francis I, reigned 151547) to undertake the ultimately unsuccessful Italian wars of the late 15th and early 16th centuries. As he did so, the friar produced a knife that he had hidden in the capacious sleeve of his habit and plunged it into Henrys abdomen. [96] While it did not prompt renewed religious warfare, many Protestants chose to leave France rather than convert, with most moving to the Kingdom of England, Brandenburg-Prussia, the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. The root of the problem of the politics in Saint Domingue was the French making decisions for the people of the colony, free . Leader who puts the interests of the state in front of their own personal or religious interests. The soccer teams bus has messages written in shoe polish on (their, its) windows. He created France's first standing army since Roman times, and limited papal power in the Gallican Church by the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. They succeeded the House of Capet (or "Direct Capetians") to the French throne, and were the royal house of France from 1328 to 1589. Anjou pursued his claim in the Kingdom of Naples; Berry governed his large estates in Languedoc; and Burgundy, having married the heiress of Flanders, found it more convenient to rule his vast dominions from Paris. The Armagnacs assassinated John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, a belated revenge for the assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orlans. Bourbon Family: What faith were they and who suppported them? Liberty Leading the People A painting by Eugne Delacroix commemorating the July Revolution of 1830, which toppled King Charles X of France. As HenryIII had no son, under Salic Law, the next heir to the throne was the Calvinist Prince Henry of Navarre, a descendant of LouisIX whom Pope SixtusV had excommunicated along with his cousin, Henri Prince de Cond. After the outbreak of a revolt in Flanders in August of that year, the count of Flanders appealed to Philip, whose knights butchered thousands of rebellious Flemings at the Battle of Cassel. Catherine de Medici- why was she unpopular? Having often found himself alone in his struggle against the emperor, Francis formed the Franco-Ottoman alliance with the sultan, to the scandal of Christian Europe. The marriage, which had been expected to reconcile the Protestants and Catholics, proved to be a disappointment. What do historians lose with the decline of local news. Cause? [6][2] In her Michel de Montaigne biography (2014), Elizabeth Guild concurred with this chronology as well, except for dating the Seventh War of Religion to 15791580 rather than just 1580. [43], Catherine had several options for dealing with "heresy", including continuing Henry's II's failed policy of eradication, an approach backed by Catholic ultras such as Franois de Tournon, or converting the monarchy to Calvinism, as preferred by de Bze. [92] Paris' capitulation encouraged the same of many other towns, while others returned to support the crown after Pope ClementVIII absolved Henry, revoking his excommunication in return for the publishing of the Tridentine Decrees, the restoration of Catholicism in Barn, and appointing only Catholics to high office. 19b. Religious tensions continued to affect politics for many years to come, though never to the same degree, and HenryIV faced many attempts on his life; the last succeeding in May1610. 15761577: usually known as the "Sixth War". [4] However, the agreed upon beginning of the wars is the Massacre of Wassy in 1562, and the Edict of Nantes at least ended this series of conflicts. The application of the Salic Law meant that with the extinction of the Valois in the male line, the Bourbons succeeded to the throne as descendants of Louis IX. In the resulting War of the Three Henrys, the royalists led by the king, the Huguenots led by Henry of Navarre, and the Catholic League led by Henry of Guise, fought a three-way contest for the control of France. The early kings of the Valois dynasty were occupied primarily with fighting the Hundred Years War (13371453), which broke out under Philip VI (reigned 132850). When it became clear that Henry of Navarre would not renounce his Protestantism, the Duke of Guise signed the Treaty of Joinville (31December 1584) on behalf of the League, with PhilipII of Spain, who supplied a considerable annual grant to the League over the following decade to maintain the civil war in France, with the hope of destroying the French Calvinists. -The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrck and Mnster, effectively ending the European wars of religion. In 1337 he declared war, launching the Hundred Years' War between England and France. -Catholics observe seven sacraments, seven central rituals of the church: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist (Holy Communion), Penance (or Reconciliation), Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre ensued; the Huguenots who flocked in Paris for the wedding were massacred en masse. [18] Another complaint was the reduction of Salvation to a business scheme based on the sale of Indulgences, which added to general unrest and increased the popularity of works such as Farel's translation of the Lord's Prayer, The True and Perfect Prayer. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Following the Spanish capture of Amiens in March1597 the French crown laid siege until its surrender in September. [64] The staggering royal debt and CharlesIX's desire to seek a peaceful solution[65] led to the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (8August 1570), negotiated by Jeanne d'Albret, which once more allowed some concessions to the Huguenots. [citation needed], At the dawn of the 18th century, Protestants remained in significant numbers in the remote Cvennes region of the Massif Central. These wars marked the start of Valois rivalry with the Habsburgs (ruling house of the Holy Roman Empire), a rivalry which lasted until the end of the French dynasty. The French lost all their Italian territories except Saluzzo, and were confirmed in the possession of Calais and the three bishoprics. But his nephew, Louis I, Duke of Orlans, the king's brother, contested his authority. At the end of his reign royal power had become absolute in France. [citation needed], The King knew that he had to take Paris if he stood any chance of ruling all of France. The Massacre of Vassy sparked the "first" religious war between the Catholics and the Huguenots. The House of Guise was a cadet branch of the ducal House of Lorraine. The Dukes of Orleans were descended from Valentina Visconti, and through her claimed the Duchy of Milan. On his deathbed, HenryIII called for Henry of Navarre, and begged him, in the name of statecraft, to become a Catholic, citing the brutal warfare that would ensue if he refused. Social changes of education during the Renaissance. [citation needed], By the end of 1594, certain League members still worked against Henry across the country, but all relied on Spain's support. [1] The fighting ended in 1598 when Henry of Navarre, who had converted to Catholicism in 1593, was proclaimed Henry IV of France and issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted substantial rights and freedoms to the Huguenots. [85], Despite Henry according his youngest brother Francis the title of Duke of Anjou, the prince and his followers continued to create disorder at court through their involvement in the Dutch Revolt. The Wars of Religion (156298) weakened the power of the last Valois kings, for militant Roman Catholic and Protestant factions dominated politics. The assassination of Guise drew the odium of the Catholic League.