Instant PDF downloads. The work on this site may be copied and/or adapted for use in the classroom or for private study. (p. 78). Yes, please keep me updated on EdPlace's news, advice and offers (subject to EdPlace's, Winner - Best for Home Learning / Parents. One hundred years of sea power: The U.S. Navy, 18901990. Imagery and Language in 'Exposure' Imagery. A fascinating essay that looks into the Japanese attitude towards shame and honor. The poem tells us about a Japanese womans father. The math is necessary, but the chasm between the images and the humans obliterated in an instant is wide. They will also gain an understanding of the wider context of the poem. But an angle of dive that is too small will result in reduced speed and not enough impact on crashing. Teachit English termly planner Summer term 2023, King Charles III's coronation: write a factual account, Sporting success: speaking and listening activities, Remembering Queen Elizabeth II: tribute activities, Royal bylaws: speaking and listening task, Three royal speeches: Comprehension, comparison and analysis, Sandbox Learning Limiteds privacy notice. 2368268). We suspect that the images were added at a later time, perhaps because the directives by themselves are hard to mentally picture. The way the content is organized. Her research interests are in foreign language education in U.S. contexts and language acquisition of immigrants from Japan and the Arab world. In the West, we often valorize our military for selfless, solo acts; think of the almost stereotypical soldier who falls on a grenade to save his comrades, or another who charges an enemy machine-gun nest alone. "the little fishing boats strung out like bunting" "like a huge flag waved first one way then the other in a figure of eight" The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Even so, each airplane needs to calmly proceed with a deadly attack with a burning determination to sink the target, and to accomplish the assignment to completion. There is no improvising or mental meandering to be done during a suicide attack, save rote airspeed and altitude correction. There is also a deeper, darker reading of brain-washing and state manipulation in the line. Technical Communication, 50, 6182. The division between the two formal chapters, Attack Preparation and Attack Implementation, feels arbitrary. towards the sun, and remembered how Also, in February 1944, General Hideki Tojo, prime minister and head of the military, issued an emergency declaration, where he essentially stated that all of Japan had to be prepared to die, using the phrase ichioku gyokusai, 100 million shattering like a jewel (Sato, 2017). After being told to keep ones eyes open during the last moments of the attack, there is a moment of sublimity: You will sense that your speed has suddenly and abruptly increased. Even with this focus on the officer in command, Manual 1 still falls safely within the states model of procedural discourse described by Farkas (1999) as it often, deliberately or not, blends the pilots roles with those of the officers. Track progress, measure results and access thousands of online tutorial worksheets in Maths, English and Science with an EdPlace subscription. (p. 82). Near the beginning, in passage 3, there is an admonition that introduces a recurring element of remorse and questioning: (3) The true purpose of Togo troop is to go over and beyond life-and-death, and to exert completely the unique battle power with mentality of truly [ikan-naku] (completely, without remorse) and risk their own lives and excellent battle skills, and to [bakushin shoototsu] (dash and crash) into the enemys moving or stationed ships, invariably sink them, and then to destroy the enemys plan so that doing so opens up the paths to success for all of the [Japanese] military. The effects of motivational elements in user instructions. These directives are perhaps stark by Western standards, but they have a history and grounding in a moral code. When you begin your dive, you must harmonize the height at which you commence the final attack with your speed. ), Teaching and training for global engineering: Perspectives on culture and professional communication practices (pp. Mohrmann. Stanford UP. Steady American successes, starting with the Battle of Midway in 1942, drained morale to the point that the kamikaze attack emerged as a reasonable alternative to conventional aerial warfare of the time, where the two main kinds of naval conventional bombers, dive bombers and torpedo planes, were used to attack ships. The real organization seems to be by paragraph, each numbered, with 49 paragraphs total. The daughter imagines why her father chose to turn back, seeing the earth and sea below him and remembering his own childhood. journey into history, but half way Death is the only available path; there is no other desired state. In other words, we wanted to learn how the authors of these manuals intended for them to function rhetorically, by our describing how the various argumentative elements present in the text worked together to achieve the authors intentionsthe implicit rhetorical dynamics. Our initial examination of Manual 1 suggested that its paragraph-centric structure had an additive or cumulative rhetorical effect on the reader that could best be explained by such a holistic view. 1 There once was a country I left it as a child. The most important theme of the poem is the brutality of war. The poem tells the story of one particular pilot who decides to turn back, prompted by a childhood memory of his brother and father by the sea. American forces were about to land on Okinawa, which was adjacent to the Japanese home islands, and few Japanese naval vessels remained to oppose them. Sink the enemy and thus pave the road for our peoples victory. The words are listed in the order in which they appear in the poem. Object-centeredHow engineering writing embodies objects: A study of four engineering documents. PDF downloads of all 1725 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. She never lost her love of poetry however and began to join poetry classes and workshops. The aircraft were often modified to hold explosives and bombs, carrying only enough fuel to reach their target. Language Techniques: Symbolism (geographical location), Imagery (paints a picture of his departure), Word Choice (allusion to being brainwashed), Metaphor, Simile (positive connotations), Simile, Symbolism (eternity connotations), Symbolism, Imagery, Italics, Sibilance, Word choice, Punctuation , Examples (direct quotes): Sunrise, Her father In A. The artifact itself is fascinating just on its anachronistic visual qualities alone (p. 218), but as Bernhardt rightly notes, condemning its sexism is largely pointless, as a rhetoric of visual attractiveness will continue to exploit gender (p. 221). However, the Togo pilots, immersed in bushido culture and wishing to defend their homeland from direct, devastating military attack (or, hopefully, to force the US to sue for peace), operated well within the expectations of wartime behavior by attacking warships and other military targets. is an ethical choice, to weigh visual strategies against rhetorical goals (2006, p. 210). As such, the manual represents an organizing force in the officers and his pilots lives; it governs their conduct and purpose. Few extant studies on military technical communication seem to fit our task. Miller, C. (1984). The poem's content, ideas, language and structure are explored. These quotations are for reference only. The poems use strong imagery to describe howfamilies are destroyed by the end of the poem and will never be the same again. This attractive resource supports students' analysis of the poem, 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland, including language techniques, structure and themes. So, this meant "god" or "god speaking.". For this reason, the indirect guard force and the direct guard force need to exert [effort in] confirming the battle result as much as they can. Overall, during the war, Japanese pilots flew over 2,500 suicide sorties (missions with multiple planes and pilots, and not counting escorts or observers), sinking 33 American ships, killing 4,900 American sailors and wounding 4,800, with about 4,000 Japanese pilots lost (Correll, 2015). 33in his presence, nor did she meet his eyes, 34and the neighbours too, they treated him, 36only we children still chattered and laughed, 41And sometimes, she said, he must have wondered, Instant downloads of all 1725 LitChart PDFs It is one of the poems in the AQA Anthology. It also appears that this manual could be used in multiple Togo units as its orders are not from any specific source and are applicable to several tactical situations. The patriotism and honour of the kamikaze pilots is felt with the words one-way journey into history, showing that the pilots felt that their actions would bring both themselves and their country glory in some way. The prevailing fatalistic reasoning thus became that completing the mission was preferable to disobedience or the increasing likelihood of being killed by an American bombing. Both poems highlight the effects that conflict can have on families and men who go to war. The ethic of expediency: Classical rhetoric, technology, and the holocaust. Pulling out of the dive left the bomber vulnerable to attack as monoplanes of the era were slow climbers, but with the Togo, there was no concern for escape. Outcomes of Language Techniques Language features 15 Important English language Techniques 1. Garland's poem was in part inspired by this article, an interview with two kamikaze pilots. A set of activities to work through to explore the poem Kamikaze. Or, more pressing for technical communicators, is writing such a manual at all ethical? AQA Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. The usefulness of prior examinations of instructional materials in the literature to our analysis is limited. We build confidence and attainment by personalising each childs learning at a level that suits them. At the beginning of the poem there is a sense of the overwhelming pride in ones nation that fighters were meant to feel in the war. Garland discusses the poem in this short interview. fathers boat safe. The title of the poem is precisely the subject of the poem. Henning, T., & Bemer, A. We have leads on other such manuals in existence, but these two examples suffice to demonstrate the genre and open the door to further exploration. Mike Duncan is a professor of English at the University of Houston-Downtown. In this desperate context appeared the Togo, an abbreviation rendered roughly special attack squadron (Togo is principally used in existing literature but may be transliterated as Tog or Togoo), which consisted of organized and officially sanctioned groups of desperate pilots willing to fly their fuel- and explosives-laden planes directly into American naval vessels in order to damage or destroy them and, thus, to forestall the invasion and national defeat. Subscribe to Beyondfrom as little as 5 per month, giving you access to a range of resources. meaning. The design of sexism: The case of an army maintenance manual. However, we can make several important observations, given that the translated excerpts provided by Axell and Kase are indeed representative of the manual as a whole, and we also have Manual 1 for comparison. This is where Manual 2 comes in with its dual mental/spiritual advice, deviating from mechanistic technique to offer emotional comfort. If it is inevitable and they become separated, the Togo troop commander needs to quickly [ishi o motte] (own a clear will) and continue moving forward. Cruel pies: The inhumanity of technical illustrations. green-blue translucent sea, and beneath them, His work on rhetoric and technical communication has appeared in College English, JAC, Rhetoric Society Quarterly, Philosophy & Rhetoric, Rhetorica, BPCQ, and Informal Logic, and he has co-edited the collection The Centrality of Style. We're your National Curriculum aligned online education content provider helping each child succeed in English, maths and science from year 1 to GCSE. Bernhardt, S. A. These two Japanese military manuals, written to facilitate suicide attacks in wartime, serve as exemplar case studies of ethical extremes in technical communication. The Asia-Pacific Journal, 12(48), 122. Hiding humanity: Verbal and visual ethics in accident reports. (GCSE 1hr PP with differentiated tasks, New Spec) The powerful incantations line gives a reader a sense of the mystical and almost fanatical nature of the way the pilots were prepared for their journeys. Suicide is rendered as trigonometry. The pilots actions were meant to be bold and affirmative and bring honour and glory to the nation. The emphasis on mental power and will is telling; we would not see this in a pilots manual that did not assume the pilot was going to die. Get started for free to track progress, measure results and access thousands of educational activities in English, maths and science. Any defection would have led, of course, to immediate execution, and the pilots, as we will discuss later, were naturally racked with fear and doubt even as they followed orders. Mohrmann, 1986, Quarterly Journal of Speech, 72, 377389), ____. We will not reproduce all of them here, but will rather examine critical passages thematically. This structure seems not only intended to overwhelm American air defenses, but also to maintain morale and discipline. Factors affecting the processing of procedural instructions: Implications for document design. Title. There is also the related ishi o motte (to own a clear will): (22) Although whether they should continue to move forward if the [Togo troop] encounters an enemy battle plane while moving forward depends on the commands of the high-level commander, the attack force commander is to judge the conditions of that time appropriately and do his best to avoid the start of a battle. Unlike Manual 1, directed to a commander, Manual 2 is intended for the actual pilots. Her email address is Naoko.Ozaki@rice.edu. (read the full definition & explanation with examples). You feel that the speed has increased by a few thousand-fold. Part of Sandbox Learning Limited. The personification of the winds for example brings an added dimension to the character of that element; snow is portrayed in unusual fashion - it is naturally white but in the poem 'seen' as black. Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. We feel it is important to subject wartime documents to rhetorical analysis so that their rhetorical maneuvers are left transparent to history, and especially for the benefit of those who may write such military discourse in the future. Garland was born in 1938 in Oxford. Loorbach, N., Steehouder, M., & Taal, E. (2006). All the pilot must do is look up what kind of plane he will be flying and memorize the correct airspeed, altitude, and attack angle (through the accompanying table). The opening stanza is full of the patriotic words that might have fuelled his decision to begin the suicide run. Figure 2 is a sample excerpt taken from Chapter 1 that, upon a cursory glance, illustrates the cumbersome nature of the majority of steps included. With planes full of explosives and just enough fuel to make it to their target, kamikaze pilots had to fly directly at American warships to inflict maximum damagekilling themselves in the process. The typical Togo pilot was from the upper ranks of university students in intelligence, sensitivity, and culture and most were volunteers. It offers an exhortation to willpower and action while simultaneously not offering much detail, chiefly as one cannot practice a Togo mission like other airplane maneuvers. The intended audience is the high-level commander of a Togo squadron, who would in turn be commanding the individual pilots. Thematic analysis of U.S. and Latin American CEO letters. We agree with this charge but caution that the historical, cultural, and wartime contexts of these two manuals renders retroactively judging them by such an ethical standard problematic. She is not smiling or crying. A key aspect to bushido is the act of seppuku, where a dishonored samurai voluntarily commits suicide if sufficiently dishonored or wounded, or is ordered to do so by a superior. (7) . docx, 36.18 KB. During the Second World War, the term 'kamikaze' was used for Japanese fighter pilots who were sent on suicide missions. Adding motivational elements to an instruction manual for seniors: Effects on usability and motivation. In the following questions, you will be asked to analyse the language devices used in the poem. The other two images, Attack Assignments and Formations, are no less dehumanizing and simplifying. a kamikaze pilot. While this is a high-level (for officers) manual, there are some vivid instructions for pilots such as this one. (4) Togo troops need to, no matter what, sink the target (without questioning) of the types and sizes of the enemys ships, ordered by the High-Level Commander. The sadness created in both poems shows the difficulty of internal conflict too. Like what you see? Shame and Honor Japanese commanders did not know the atomic bomb that would destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki was coming, so they were facing, in their minds, a near-certain conventional invasion. Thus, these manuals reinforced their justification of desperate yet reasonable and rational action. If the commander has doubts, he needs only to consult his manual. Technical Communication, 48(3), 297308. We suggest further studies in military technical communication, emphasizing cultural differences between different militaries. We regret that we cannot make any definitive claims about usability, but again, the lack of documented refusals suggests usability issues did not negatively affect the overall mission of the Togo. Smith, P. (1982). mother father grandmother brother and children all are mentioned in the poem. The manuals, then, are reinforcement of a fate already set and form a last-minute rhetoric of control and discipline. This vastly different sense of pilot mortality affects the form of the instructions, in that typical safety information, basic defensive measures, or maintenance procedures are not considered; the manuals nature is entirely offensive and single-pathed toward the desired state.