This overview primarily found evidence for special research interventions, suggesting a need for assessment of routinely-delivered school health services. 20 SRs fulfilled all inclusion criteria and were included in this overview. In 1995, WHO launched the Global School Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthen approaches to health promotion in schools. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). Access to education and safe and supportive schoolenvironments have been linked to better healthoutcomes. I am Tim Stephens. Finally, for 1519 year olds, the leading causes of death were road injury, self-harm, interpersonal violence, diarrheal diseases, and lower respiratory infections [47]. The corrected covered area (CCA) was found to be 1, indicating only slight overlap between the 20 SRs. Risk of bias across SRs was determined using Ballard and Montgomerys four-item checklist for overviews of SRs [13]. However, it should be noted that these SRs found mixed evidence of maintenance of effects over time [28,32,34,39]. Table B. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Schools offer a unique platform for health care delivery. To convey to the teacher the results of the examination in such terms as to be useful to her in guiding the physical and mental growth of her . School records include books, documents, diskettes and files that contain information on what goes on in school as well as other relevant information pertaining to the growth and development of the school. A recent guideline from the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) reiterates the importance of free spectacles and goes further to suggest that low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) adopt comprehensive school eye health programs [43]. The CCA is calculated using three variables: the number of index publications (r), the number of total publications (N), and the number of SRs within the overview (c). This was never required as consensus was always reached. II. Outcome measures were collected from included studies. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. S7 Appendix gives the PRISMA checklist that was used. The school sends you reports that tell you how your child is doing in school and what the school is doing for him. Any existing overviews or SRs of SRs that emerged from the searches were not themselves included, but the SRs within them were extracted and screened. (2019). of school health services globally: These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. The SRs were written in English and published between 2006 and 2018. Hennegan and Montgomery found a high level of heterogeneity and substantial risk of bias in the included studies overall, thus they were unable to make conclusions about the effectiveness of menstrual management interventions [22]. Advancement in the use of EHRs occurred with the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which provides incentives for p There was 92% agreement between reviewers for all items within the standard form, with discrepancies only in level of detail. Kid Kohl, It is unclear if this finding indicates a lack of primary studies on comprehensive or multi-component school health services, or if primary studies do exist but no SR has been conducted. This overview found 20 SRs covering 270 primary studies. Kavanagh and colleagues examined depression and anxiety group counseling programs based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and found statistically significant reductions of depressive symptoms at both four weeks and three months follow-up [24,39]. . Another limitation is that this overview only included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies and other controlled study designs where health professionals delivered the intervention. 1654 references were screened and 20 systematic reviews containing 270 primary studies were assessed narratively. We are also grateful for advice from the WHO school health services guideline Steering Group and Guideline Development Group members. Given that FRIENDS has been endorsed by WHO [44] and was found to be effective in decreasing anxiety symptoms in all four SRs where it was mentioned in this overview [28,32,34,39], policy makers and school health officials may consider incorporating this or similar programs into existing school health services. Strongest evidence in favor of oral health interventions emerged from a SR on universal topical application of fluoride gel for the prevention of dental caries [25]. First, an overview is unlikely to include the latest evidence if recent primary studies have not yet been included in SRs. Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy (Position Statement). Tips for Selecting an Electronic Documentation System, Healthcare Information and Management Systems(HIMSS), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Health Information Privacy, Your Rights Under HIPAA. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. School health services staff can help all students with preventive care such as flu shots and vision and hearing screening, as well as acute and emergency care. All SRs primarily examined studies on school-based, rather than school-linked interventions. Searches were performed on June 15, 2018. Web Annex B. Additionally, reference lists of included articles were scanned for any relevant SRs. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, More than half of included SRs analyzed mental health and oral health interventions, and no SRs were found that assessed other relevant health areas, such as vaccinations, communicable diseases, injuries, etc. Panelists evaluate questions based on best practices and emerging research on addressing heath behaviors and the school health environment. However, it was unclear whether these studies involved a health provider [22]. SRs on oral health interventions focused on prevention [25,30], screening [18], and education [27,30] (Table 3E). c. schools are access sites for students to receive increased and improved care, which might not be adequately received elsewhere d. The final three SRs either did not state the locations of included studies [27,34] or provided regions rather than specific country locations [26]. S4 Appendix. Now, as both schools and health care systems seek to ensure that children coping with chronic conditions such as diabetes and asthma get the comprehensive, coordinated care the students need, the schools and health systems are forming partnerships to better integrate their services. Geryk and colleagues found that education on correct use of an inhaler improved inhaler technique, regardless of deliverer, method, or duration of the intervention [31]. Gold and colleagues assessed daily music therapy as an intervention to improve verbal and gestural communicative skills and reduce behavioral problems in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23]. Comprehensive school programs that promote healthy school environments, health and nutrition literacy, and physical activity are one of the six key areas for ending childhood obesity recommended by WHO [45]. A key limitation of this overview is that only publications self-titled systematic reviews were included. From this picture, the school health council or other health committees can move forward in creating an action plan, monitoring activities, and celebrating successes. PubMed, Web of Science, ERIC, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically. Five databases were searched through June 2018. If consensus was not possible during title/abstract or full text screening, a third reviewer (DR), who had the casting vote, would have been asked to independently screen the article. Yet no SRs on vaccinations fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this overview, suggesting the need for these SRs to be conducted, focusing on whether vaccinations for this age group should be delivered as part of a school health service or not, rather than on whether the vaccination per se is effective. Further, they strengthen the rigor of included studies and improve decision-making ability. It can even provide reports, process results, students transcripts and . The same two reviewers screened the full text of all the potentially or probably eligible articles using a ranked list of the inclusion criteria (S1 Appendix). 2. Furthermore, this overview exposes a mismatch between the SR literature on effectiveness of school health services and the actual school health services that are most commonly delivered. Fig 1 displays the PRISMA flowchart for the search. Further, no SRs evaluated comprehensive or multi-component school health services. Table 2 presents the remaining three of the four items of Ballard and Montgomerys checklist for overviews of reviews: (2) levels of confidence in results for each included SR, (3) publication year, and (4) match in scope to the overview. A majority of the studies (80%) were given low or critically low levels of confidence. In 2000, WHO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Bank developed a partnership for Focusing Resources on Effective School Healtha FRESH Start approach [2]. The records you keep can provide specific details press documentation wenn you're talking with aforementioned resources your child needs to succeed in schools. These criteria likely exclude potentially relevant literature. However, the SR suggested that the studies were ineffective in changing self-reported risky behaviors, although follow-up was either immediate or short-term (less than 6 months) [35]. One reviewer (JL) assessed all SRs and a second (KK) duplicated appraisal of 10%, with 94% agreement and only minor disagreements that did not impact grades of confidence. Review quality was assessed using a modified Ballard and Montgomery four-item checklist. In emergencies, school officials can provide information from education records to protect the health or safety of the student or others. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. This overview considered SRs published in 2016, 2017, or 2018 to be up-to-date. The School plays a very important role in health education and promotion at the crucial stage of childhood and adolescence. Walter and colleagues found that family asthma educational programs for children and their parents or caregivers improved quality of life for both caregivers and children, and decreased asthma exacerbations for children [37]. A universal educational intervention on oral hygiene and caries produced weaker evidence of effectiveness [27]. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Schools are considered to be an ideal platform for oral health promotion through education, services, and the school environment [6]. Saving Lives, Protecting People, School Health Index: A Self-Assessment and Planning Guide, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors and Academic Grades, Tobacco Product Use Behaviors and Academic Grades, Other Health Behaviors and Academic Grades, Characteristics of an Effective Curriculum, Tips for Promoting School Employee Wellness, Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT), Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurement in Schools, Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity, Physical Activity Before and After School, What School Nutrition Professionals Need to Know About COVID-19, Modifying School Spaces During Mealtimes to Reduce Spread of COVID-19, Supporting Students with Chronic Health Conditions in School-Based OST Programs, Healthy and Supportive School Environments, Strategies to Create a Healthy and Supportive School Environment, Strategies to Help Parents and Families Create Healthy and Supportive School Environments, How Families Can Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Toolkit for Schools: Engaging Parents to Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS), e-Learning Series: Training Tools for Healthy Schools, Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, Guide to Evaluating Professional Development, Understanding the Training of Trainers Model, Professional Development Follow-Up Support, How to Build a Training Cadre: A Step-by-Step Process, Guide to Promoting Professional Development, Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC), Encourage healthy eating in school and at home, Dental Sealants Can Improve Students Oral Health, Give Your Kids a Healthy Body and Mind This Summer, Engaging Parents to Promote Healthy Schools, Funded Nongovernmental Organizations for Healthy Schools, BAM! Maintaining Student Records One of your essential duties as a teacher is to maintain student records. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Small but statistically significant effect sizes were found in favor of the intervention for mean plaque levels and oral hygiene, but no statistical significance was found for change in gingivitis indices [27]. This overview shows that the current SR literature does address mental health, specifically mood disorders. Finally, meta-analysis by Werner-Seidler and colleagues of 81 RCTs on the effectiveness of depression and anxiety prevention and group therapy programs found small yet statistically significant effect sizes in favor of the intervention groups for both depression and anxiety as compared to control groups [28]. For students with chronic health conditions, school nurses and other health care providers play a large role in the daily management of their conditions. They found statistically significant improvements in self-reported measures of anxiety for participants who completed the program as compared to those in the control group [32]. Only three SRs [18,21,25] were scored as having moderate levels of confidence and just one [30] was given a high level of confidence. Among 1014 year olds, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory infections, drowning, road injury, diarrheal diseases, and meningitis [47]. Leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 1019 year olds were iron deficiency anemia, road injury, depressive disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases [47]. Importance of Cumulative Records. division of school health school health record name: last, first, middle birthdate: month, day, year gender: male female father's name: last, first, middle . Following the recommendation of the AMSTAR 2 developers [17], individual ratings were not combined into an overall score. While results from primary studies were statistically significant in both SRs, heterogeneity of interventions precluded meta-analysis by Walter and colleagues [37] and no reason was given for why meta-analysis was not performed by Geryk and colleagues [31]. While other pillars of Health Promoting Schools have relevant guidance documents, guidance on school health services is limited and not explicitly evidence-based. The search strategy is presented in S2 Appendix. For useful recommendations to be made regarding school health services, cost-effectiveness must be more closely examined by primary studies and SRs. Risk of bias within primary studies was recorded in Table B in S4 Appendix. But did you know there are other records, both formal and informal, that are important to keep for future reference? WHO has long recognized the link between healthand education and the potential for schools to playa central role in safeguarding student health andwell-being. The remaining Cochrane review was given a critically low level of confidence, though this may be because it was published in 2006 and standards for both the methods and reporting of Cochrane reviews have improved in recent years. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Finally, creative therapy interventions seem to be effective for indicated populations of school-age children, such as children with autism spectrum disorder [23,33]. Health Record to Teacher: Purpose: 1. health record explaining the purpose of school health records, services offered by school health personnel, and the desirability of periodic health examinations. Table A. The search strategy was developed for PubMed and then adapted for the other four databases. Silver Spring, MD: Author. NASN2023 Early Rate Countdown Clock - Deadline Extended to May 15th! A detailed search strategy was iteratively developed in consultation with a librarian experienced in SRs and an expert in school health services. Students from the most diverse and complex clinical settings come to school and require care that must be coordinated with acute care records in order to assure efficient, effective care, making schools an effective partner for Accountable Care Organizations. This overview presents multiple effective interventions that may be offered as a part of school health services delivered by a health provider. The other SR examined behavioral interventions in the form of education on tooth brushing and the use of fluoride toothpaste in Brazil, Italy, United Kingdom, and Iran [30]. Most schools rely upon grant funding and other financial aid to cover the implementation costs, but this often involves stringent requirements. It is difficult to determine overall effectiveness of school health services from this overview because the included SRs do not sufficiently cover the health areas most relevant for children and adolescents. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). The effectiveness of school-based mental health services was assessed in nine SRs (Table 3C) [19,23,24,28,29,3234,36,39]. Articles that received conflicting votes (ineligible vs. potentially or probably eligible) were discussed and consensus was reached. After removal of 705 articles with definitely ineligible titles/abstracts, 445 full text articles were screened using the ranked inclusion/exclusion criteria (S1 Appendix). Eleven of the SRs used meta-analysis to combine results [1828], whereas the remaining nine SRs narratively synthesized results [2937]. PLoS ONE 14(6): As part of the records types, the academic records are known as an important asset for . implementation guidance calls for the prioritization of school health programs as an important step towards universal health coverage and urges that Every school should be a health promoting school [10]. No SR examined comprehensive or multi-component school health services, despite the fact that comprehensive services may be more efficient, easier to implement, and more sustainable than single interventions [40]. Higgins and OSullivan assessed the FRIENDS for Life program, a manual-based cognitive behavioral anxiety prevention program comprised of ten sessions with developmentally-tailored programs for different age groups [32]. To be included in this overview, at least 50% of studies within each SR had to fulfill all inclusion criteria. Although the CDC does not require the use of the School Health Index, some states and school districts have policies or program requirements to use the School Health Index. School health assessments give schools a snapshot in time of programs and policies that address student and staff health. Schools are essential for young people to acquireknowledge, socioemotional skills including selfregulationand resilience, and critical thinking skillsthat provide the foundation for a healthy future. The following is a list of common questions and answers related to school health assessment tools, specifically: Why complete a school health assessment?A school health assessment helps to identify strengths and weaknesses of school health policies and programs and provide direction for school health improvement efforts. Any of these three school health assessments will be helpful in data-driven decision making and action planning. It's especially important to keep IEP and 504 plan records. This implies that a narrower range of SRs would have been eligible if a stricter cut-off had been selected, and vice versa. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. school health services The remaining three SRs also assessed FRIENDS and PRP along with additional often-overlapping programs. Vision screening linked with free provision of spectacles, as a component of a comprehensive school eye health program, is an example of a cost-effective form of school health services that may be implemented. A health book contains the names of students/Pupils who brings complains to the clinic, . Most interventions involved school-nurse-delivered nutrition counseling, nutrition and health education, and some parent involvement or physical activity. School health services staff also are responsible for coordinating care by communicating with the students family and health care providers so that they can stay healthy and ready to learn. The records that school nurses keep in their daily care of over 95% of U.S. school-aged children provide an important window into child health in our nation. Data items included the research design of the SR and primary studies, sample description and setting, intervention characteristics, outcomes, meta-analysis results, quality appraisal, and conclusions. An index publication is the first appearance of a primary study within an overview. Nonetheless, these criteria were necessary to give the overview a reasonable scope. Information from school health records will show proof of student health issues that ought to be self-addressed. Primary studies included within the SRs were published between 1967 and 2017. A protocol was developed a priori that outlined the overview objectives, aims, operational definitions, search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality appraisal methods. Due to the heterogeneity of the SRs included in this overview, it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis. This systematic review of systematic reviews, henceforth referred to as an overview, will inform the upcoming development of a WHO guideline that addresses the school health services component of health-promoting schools and feeds into the FRESH framework. The gaps in the SR literature identified by this overview will inform the commissioning of new SRs by WHO to feed into evidence-based global recommendations. In addition, both the Healthy School Report Card and the Healthy Schools Inventory may be used to collect data for evaluation.Are there requirements to use a school health assessment?Yes, in some states and districts. A PHR also empowers you to manage your health between visits. Every business we know is rapidly moving away from paper, as proven by online transactions, grocery stores, doctor's offices, gas stations, and airlines. A SR on sexual health interventions for prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in sub-Saharan African countries found that educational interventions were successful in increasing knowledge and attitudes for participants (Table 3F) [35]. Given the wide reach of schools [8] and the fact that school health services already exist in at least 102 countries [9], research on the effectiveness of school health services in LMIC and LIC must be prioritized in order to fulfill Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 and reach universal health coverage by 2030 [51]. Evaluations are also conducted to refine and improve the tools. CDC twenty four seven. For example, the exclusion of observational studies limits the ability of this overview to assess interventions where controlled studies may be unethical or impractical, such as for an intervention that has been clearly shown to be effective when delivered in a different context and the school health service program wishes to include it. Additionally, at least 94 countries or territories include some form of school health services that are routinely delivered, as opposed to special research interventions [9]. This overview found only one SR that assessed obesity treatment and prevention delivered by a health professional in schools, despite the fact that over 340 million school-age children and adolescents were overweight or obese in 2016 [46]. Results from this overview suggest that certain interventions can be effective in improving child and adolescent health outcomes, and thus may be worthwhile for integration into school health programs. Another important gap that this overview reveals is a lack of research on interventions carried out in LMIC and low-income countries (LIC). Telehealth programs are expensive, with mobile telehealth carts costing anywhere from $20,000 to $60,000, which doesn't include costs related to staffing, routine maintenance, and upkeep. Click to Enlarge | PDF [PDF 466 KB] | JPEG | PNG. The Healthy School Report Card is already aligned with the schools improvement process. Maintaining accurate records is essential to provid- ing quality care and protecting the health and safety of children in child care settings. This may be solved by coordinating school visits from hospital-based health professionals or by linking schools with local health centers for children and adolescents to access as needed. To investigate the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents, a systematic review of systematic reviews (overview) was conducted. Characteristics of included systematic reviews. Automated Records Management. The primary objective of this overview was to explore the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked health services delivered by a health provider for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents. National Association of School Nurses. Staff from all three organizations can assist schools in meeting both their state requirements and their program requirements. (2019). McDonald and Drey narratively assessed group-based art therapy as an intervention for children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), moderate to severe behavior problems, or learning disorders [33]. The four SRs that included PRP found mixed evidence [34] or no evidence of effectiveness [19,24,28,39], bringing the popularity of this intervention into question. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Due to the diversity in outcome measures and intervention intensities, the authors felt unable to make any evidence-based recommendations [30]. All three tools are useful for internal planning and program improvement. David Anthony Ross, Affiliation: CCAs can be interpreted as indicating slight, moderate, high or very high overlap with scores of 05, 610, 1115, or >15, respectively [16]. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Similarly, some states require portions of the Healthy School Report Card to be completed. It is an important aspect of (school) Administration. The guidance confirms that disclosures of student educational records (including certain health records) are only permitted by FERPA with the prior written consent of an eligible student or the student's parent/legal guardian (non-eligible student) or if one of the permissive exceptions to the general consent requirement applies. Additional systematic reviews are needed that analyze the effectiveness of comprehensive school health services, and specific services for under-researched health areas relevant for this population. However, these results did not persist at follow-up [20]. Mostly favorable evidence of effectiveness was found in a SR of social-emotional interventions for refugee and war-traumatized youth from 26 countries [36]. Schools offer a unique opportunity toimplement effective health services at scale forchildren and adolescents. In another four SRs, 75% to 99% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [21,26,30,37]. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. When used properly, EHRs have the potential to "maximize quality, decrease cost, and prevent errors, as well as promote the interoperability of school health records with providers in other care settings." School nurses might use an EHR for: Tracking student health trends Ensuring health documentation is secure and compliant