what is a group of bandits called what is a group of bandits called

So does banditry become a historiographical discourse about order, justice, and freedom. Because they were embedded in local communities, bandits benefited from a grassroots solidarity against outsiders and state authority. ." Souna is soon rescued by Garami, an Arms Peddler who sells weapons to clients wishing to buy guns. In early-seventeenth-century France the region of Prigord was infested with bandits. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The closer one gets to it, the more such positive features appear to recede. [8] Tong analyzes that the peasants had to make a "rational choice" between surviving harsh conditions and surviving through illegal activities of banditry. In central and eastern Europe and in the Balkans, it was found in the countryside, in specific conditions (such as following wars and massive dislocations) and in specific periods, especially in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when the modern nation-state was emerging. [13] Xiangmazei (whistling arrow bandits) was a category of mounted bandits named after their practice of firing whistling arrows to alert their victims. Just to reiterate: Animal group names arent official. See also the sectionRural Life (volume 2);Peasants and Rural Laborers and the sectionSocial Protest (in this volume); and other articles in this section. It wasnt until the early 20th century that the term gained popularity. In Ottoman times, the many wars in the Balkans left poverty and anarchy in their wakesuitable conditions for the work of brigands and bandits. There is ample proof, though hardly needed, that vagrants and social bandits were brothers in hardship and frequently mixed with each other. B for Butterflies A group of butterflies is called a kaleidoscope (and when you imagine a massive group of them all taking wing it's easy to see why!) According to German sources, three-quarters of Christian bandits whose parentage is known to us originated in the sedentary and integrated sectors of society. Argentina's rural poor identified with the persecution suffered by legendary gauchos like Juan Moreira and Martn Fierro. The mythology and rhetoric that surround banditry must be interpreted carefully. (April 27, 2023). This extracurricular raiding and pillaging was indistinguishable from piracy as defined above. Princeton, N.J., 1985. Rather than being champions of the poor, bandits often terrorized and oppressed them. 'A cauldron of bats generally assembles in a . As shown above, a large number of bandits were actually garrison soldiers and had access to and able usage of weapons and armors. In part two of this three-part series, Jan Westmaas and his tour group get a taste of the food and architecture of the town of Irazu, Costa Rica, with an unplanned visit to the volcano museum. Such actions served as a warning or an unambiguous omen of further action. Brigantaggio politico had already emerged as a central feature of Corsican independence strategies against Genoa under Giacinto Paoli and Gian-Pietro Gaffori in the mid-eighteenth century. A bandit is a robber, thief, or outlaw. Prodded by my daughter Nadia who had taken . [19] Another report of 1489 attested that soldiers had raided in Henan province. Modern research has tried to debunk this myth, but largely to no avail. Peasant idealization of bandits was also variable and a function of their subsequent political evolution. Oxford and Cambridge, Mass., 1992. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. In addition to a desire for economic gain, personal and familial conflict drove some men to banditry. Translated by Alan Sheridan. If officials labeled revolutionaries as bandits, bandits sometimes professed to have political aims, to cover their crimes with a veneer of legitimacy. These raids, in turn, endeared them to Spains colonial rivals England and France, which offered various forms of support. During the Ming Dynasty, military and civil jurisdictions were separated. On page 245 of A History of Crime in England, there is a record of the exploits of a gang leader called "Adam the Leper.". In the hands of urban intellectuals it points to the bad old days before the establishment of the nation-state, when life and property were not secure. Many bandit chiefs published pamphlets in their own defense claiming that, like all good Greeks, they were fighting the Turks, the Muslim outsiders who were the true brigands attempting to discredit the country. To him, an escape to the mountains may be the only way of avoiding an unjust state summons or pursuing a private revenge. La protesta rural en Cuba: Resistencia cotidiana, bandolerismo y revolucin 18781902. [3], In Nazi-occupied Europe from 1939 to 1945, the German doctrine of Bandenbekmpfung ("bandit fighting") portrayed opponents of the Greater Germanic Reich as "bandits" dangerous criminals who did not deserve any consideration as human beings. [39], Marauding was one of the most common peasant reactions to oppression and hardship. Harmondsworth, U.K., 1985. What about female bandits? Throughout the early modern period, especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, affluent travelers and merchants as well as peasants and farmers were afraid of banditry. [17], The Capital Region also housed a huge number of soldiers with Ming's system of hereditary military and a major portion of bandits were actually soldiers stationed in the region. In Crete, for example, extensive livestock theft was legitimated orally by reference to highly selective, nationalist accounts of the "freedom-loving" Klephts of old mentioned in in schoolbooks. An extreme form is contemporary political brigandage, which merges with political terrorism, blending political programs, covert violence, and protection rackets. . Eric J. Hobsbawm coined the term "social bandits" to describe Robin Hood-style outlaws who championed the oppressed peasants. A cauldron of bats is simply the term most commonly used for a group of bats. In it I have a group of men who live in a castle and fight for the castle's lord. It was rather that, by being betrayed and killed or publicly executed, they achieved sacrificial status. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Some common criminals simply brutalized and abused their fellow men. Meet the original thugs. Sciascia, Leonardo. He is still celebrated in German folklore, being idealized as a "social bandit." These discourses are often metaphorically constructed, interpreted, and reinterpreted in various ways. Gaunt, William. On both sides, the struggle was waged with both conventional navies and state-sanctioned sea bandits called corsairs. Alternatively, the offenders are betrayed by other families, also resulting in their deaths. As Ren Girard noted in Violence and the Sacred (1988), by killing not the murderer himself but someone close to him, an act of perfect reciprocity is avoided and the necessity for further revenge is bypassed. In one occasion, the influential eunuch Zhang Zhong helped his sworn brother Zhang Mao to negotiate with a commander sent to hunt down local bandits. It operates between the state-imposed system of law and social order on one hand and the local system of vengeance and grassroots conceptions of justice on the other. The late medieval legend of Robin Hood, who robbed the rich, switched clothes with beggars, and helped the poor, was popular not only in England but also in the rest of Europe for hundreds of years. Synonyms for Group Of Bandits (other words and phrases for Group Of Bandits). There is, for example, Stenka Razin, the insurgent leader of the Russian poor in the seventeenth century. But bandit myth, like most myth, expresses only half-truths. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Exploring food, architecture in Costa Rica. [29] Ning Gao was one of the censors of 1509, and he employed gruesome means such as display of severed heads and body parts to kill off existing bandits and to intimidate potential ones. SStartingCell= (area ID) and save it. It functions as a warning and a deterrence against further acts of violence. A full understanding takes into account not just the various ways in which strongmen were co-opted by the powerful but also how such men were portrayed by various strata of society. Whereas smaller animals such as dogs were destroyed, larger ones such as sheep were grievously wounded, and the largest animals (bulls, mules, etc.) Snowden, Frank M. Violence and Great Estates in the South of Italy: Apulia, 19001922. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age ofPhilip II. [15] Robinson also points out that many eunuchs in Beijing resorted to banditry. Banditry in places like southern Italy and Sicily became the subject of numerous inquiries as well as massive army intervention. In contrast, Rosalie Schwartz argues that western Cuba's banditry reflects neither class conflict nor social banditry. Unlike pre-political social bandits or self-serving guerrilla bandits, political bandits had a consciousness of and loyalty to a larger political movement. ." Banditry can be seen as a continuum from the camel raiding Bedouin, through the "noble bandits" of the nineteenth-century Greek Klephts, to contemporary armed autonomist groups (such as Chiapas in Mexico or Kurds in Turkey or Chechen fighters against Russian intervention in Chechnya) labeled as "bandits" by the state. See more. The owner would thus be forced to complete the bitter destruction of his own herd. [26] Robinson further points out that "[a] widespread network to dispose of the stolen livestock linked" towns in the Capital Region to nearby provinces. The Region was agriculturally disadvantaged due to constant flood, and thus the peasants often lived in poverty. See alsoGangs; Maroons (Cimarrones); Quiroga, Juan Facundo. Bandits required protection in order to survive; otherwise they were quickly killed by the landlords' retainers, the police, or the peasants. First, many bandit gangs emerged before the process of sugar plantation expansion began. Brigandage moved from being a question of individual barbarism that the state had to extirpate by aggressive actions such as massive repression to one of collective measurement, documentation, education, and economic development. Balboa Navarro, Imilcy. There were so many cimarrn (wild, feral) bandits on the rural roads between central Peru and Salta in Argentina that they became a favorite topic in fiction, such as the short novels of Juana Manuela Gorriti, Gubi Abaya and El ngel cado. In the early seventeenth century the most famous Spanish bandit was Perot Rocaguinarda. The Redbrands mostly consisted of humans, male and female, although a handful of halflings and bugbears were also in the bandit group. Michel Foucault noted that the greater the spectacle of state punishment (and most glorifications of banditry by the peasantry date from the period immediately after the establishment of nation-states), the greater the risk that it would be rejected by the very people to whom such spectacles were addressed. Some bandits actually had a settled life and were even married. We know that a woman called Mara Bonita died with Lampio in a hail of gunfire in 1938. Local codes of behavior such as omert (Sicilian for "silence") obliged individuals to maintain a solidarity of silence and noncooperation with the authorities or risk extreme ostracism and revenge. This group are usually the bad people. Social Memory. In nineteenth-century Greece, ex-Klephts such as Theodoros Kolokotrnis used their memoirs to glorify themselves. Encyclopedia of European Social History. See also Crime and Punishment ; Vagrants and Beggars . Franchetti and Sonnino also noted a widespread admiration for bandits among the literati, who romanticized them, and paradoxically among landowners, the most likely to suffer from bandit depredations. He vows to continue his activities in order to avenge her death, but still manages to have a good time doing so. Lampio (Virgolino Ferreira da Silva) and Antnio Silvino in Brazil, Po Romero in Bolivia, and Manuel Garca in Cuba became symbols of popular resistance to oppression. Blok asserted that analysis must encompass the wider society within which bandits operated. For an analysis of banditry, it may be useful to steer a middle course, borrowing from the various perspectives that treat bandits as primitive social rebels (as Hobsbawm does), as individual opportunists, or as the co-opted henchmen of rural potentates (as Blok does). was, as Hobsbawm has shown, a somewhat less suitable candidate for idealization. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas, 2003. Murphy, Agnes Genevieve. role in Jewish history In Judaism: New parties and sects The Sicarii (Assassins), so-called because of the daggers ( sica) they carried, arose about 54 ce, according to Josephus, as a group of bandits who kidnapped or murdered those who had found a modus vivendi with the Romans. Banditry is therefore a phenomenon that is not only often refractory to the investigations of the outside observer but also concealed from the participants themselves. The term corsair is tied to the Mediterranean Sea, where, from roughly the late 14th century to the early 19th century, the Ottoman Empire dueled with the Christian states of Europe for maritime supremacy. Such profiteers formed whatever alliances they deemed useful. Encyclopedia.com. Guerrilla banditry became common in Venezuela, Mexico, Cuba, and elsewhere during the wars for independence and civil wars of the nineteenth century. Social bandits were considered by their people as heroes, champions, and fighters for justice in a world that often denied them justice. The collective name for a group of apes is called a shrewdness. [35] His gang of bandits eventually grew into a rebel army and Deng conducted attacks on the government in Fujian. Domination by the wealthy forced the rural masses to defend their interests through various means. One example was Gao Yingxiang, who started as a mounted bandit in Shaanxi and later became an important rebel leader in late Ming. a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people travelling through the countryside Synonym brigand literary SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Murderers & attackers abductor assailant assassin attacker basher butcher cyberbully death squad gunman highwayman hitman killer mugger murderer parricide poisoner Thus peasant complicity might be either active or passive but equally significant in both cases. Madrid, 1934. Encyclopedia of European Social History. Over time, certain populations picked those words up and ran with them. I want to receive exclusive email updates from YourDictionary. Paris, 1861. [24] Another important skill was horsemanship, especially in the Northern Capital Region, where mounted banditry concentrated. ." Insects, bugs, those many-legged creatures theyre all around us. Myth and folklore color some famous bandits so completely that accurate historical depiction is difficult.