/Type /Action 41 0 R 55 0 obj /Border [ 0 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Guardian) >> % 'Annot.NUMBER95': class PDFDictionary 0 In fact, virtually none of the Middle East's present-day frontiers were actually delineated in the document concluded on 16 May 1916 by British and French diplomats Mark Sykes and Francois Georges-Picot. 14 0 obj << /A << /S /URI endobj They worried about their safety from terrorist militia. /Rect [ 62.69291 /Type /Action /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pravda) >> endobj % 'Annot.NUMBER27': class PDFDictionary << /Annots [ 63 0 R ] /Subtype /Link << /A << /S /URI /URI (http://books.google.com/books?id=shU9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=&ei=V-pISffkA474MKbuwMAN&client=#PPA116,M1) >> 0 ] /Border [ 0 Why did the Arab Spring start in Tunisia? /Subtype /Link 504.468 686.9469 ] 256.4297 Review secret alliances of WW1, the Treaty of London 1915, and other key moments in the history of the war. 711.7969 /Border [ 0 /Type /Annot >> 475.9469 ] 0 /Type /Annot >> /Type /Action 0 ] /Type /Annot >> 0 400.9469 ] 51 0 R /Rotate 0 0 ] /Rect [ 287.218 325.0234 0 ] /Rect [ 476.128 [6] The Reglement was an international agreement regarding governance and non-intervention in the affairs of the Maronite, Orthodox, Druze, and Muslim communities. /Border [ 0 65 0 obj 541.9469 430.9469 8 0 R % 'Annot.NUMBER82': class PDFDictionary /URI (http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Sykes-Picot_Agreement) >> 430.9469 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Revolt) >> % 'Annot.NUMBER58': class PDFDictionary stream /Border [ 0 133.2039 endobj 0 ] /Rect [ 137.6849 667.9469 86 0 obj As for IS, its territorial gains have already peaked. /ImageI ] >> Why did Israel get involved in the Suez Crisis? 206.7969 ] "It's a necessary step, because all the previous attempts and experiments failed. /Subtype /Link % 'Annot.NUMBER29': class PDFDictionary /Type /Action /Type /Action /Border [ 0 To that extent, they have already redrawn the map. /ImageI ] 127.4769 595.2756 /Subtype /Link 349.0469 ] 595.2756 /Rect [ 105.3569 0 /Subtype /Link 122.7969 ] Why did Britain withdraw from the Suez Crisis? 417.6727 /Parent 142 0 R Britain was the most powerful party among those countries. /Rect [ 287.218 0 0 ] The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. << /A << /S /URI << /A << /S /URI endobj << /Annots [ 92 0 R 0 ] /Trans << >> Most populous nation: Should India rejoice or panic? 0 0 ] endobj /URI (http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/4c4f7515dc39195185256cf7006f878c!OpenDocument) >> endobj /Type /Annot >> endobj /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Georges-Picot) >> At that time, Britain was controlling oil resources in Iran. /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_of_Arabia:_The_Battle_for_the_Arab_World) >> 74.79685 0 104 0 obj endobj 42 0 obj << /Filter [ /FlateDecode ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> /Type /Action /Type /Annot >> 547.9469 /Type /Page >> 644.9469 ] 682.9469 ] 250.3397 % Page dictionary /Type /Annot >> 374.7643 endobj endobj As Iraq lurches deeper into turmoil and disintegration, Kurdish leaders in the already autonomous north are threatening to break away and declare outright independence. % 'FormXob.87498fb668a6747c1d42e61205e01678': class PDFImageXObject /Type /Action 0 0 ] The resulting order inherited by the Middle East of the day sees a variety of states whose borders were generally drawn with little regard for ethnic, tribal, religious or linguistic considerations. 0 ] 460.9469 17 0 R /Rect [ 466.7974 /Type /Annot >> endobj 445.9469 /ImageI ] >> 86.79685 ] 0 ] % 'Annot.NUMBER35': class PDFDictionary 0 ] /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elie_Kedourie) >> 54 0 R % 'Annot.NUMBER45': class PDFDictionary /Subtype /Link iWonder: Does the peace that ended WW1 haunt us today? 0 /URI (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=8) >> endobj You can navigate days by using left and right arrows. 0 ] % 'Annot.NUMBER11': class PDFDictionary endobj Createyouraccount. 697.9469 ] 314.7969 /Rect [ 437.1387 "There has to be a new formula for the region. 382.0129 86.79685 /Rect [ 479.7867 /Rect [ 282.7559 446.7969 ] 334.0469 ] 0 552.5719 ] /Type /Action /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASykes-Picot-1916.gif) >> << /A << /S /URI 0 ] /Border [ 0 Why did Richard and Saladin signed a truce? /Contents 145 0 R 481.6749 518.1427 /Type /Action 334.0469 /Subtype /Link /Subtype /Link /Type /Action /Subtype /Link 51 0 R /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan) >> 0 ] endobj /Type /Action 508.9469 709.9469 ] /Border [ 0 0 ] /Subtype /Link 98 0 obj /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> On May 19, 1916, representatives of Great Britain and France secretly reach an accord, known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement, by which most of the Arab lands under the rule of the Ottoman Empire are . endobj 252.3863 /Border [ 0 /Border [ 0 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balfour_Declaration_of_1917) >> /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland) >> 287.9469 ] WN=0+1c0{b*g3?ux}inAGGAsqT}j+YW,}JC9P4mqzdj?A!/w?U{w} a|"1EQt=oo /Border [ 0 endobj % 'Annot.NUMBER43': class PDFDictionary /Subtype /Link /Rect [ 200.4629 349.0469 24 0 obj /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Mansfield_%28historian%29) >> endobj /Border [ 0 Put Quizlet study sets to work when you prepare for tests in Sykes Picot Agreement and other concepts today. 0 ] endobj 250.3397 /Subtype /Link 86.79685 endobj 562.9469 ] /Border [ 0 /Subtype /Link endobj 64 0 obj 278.7969 ] 2. 841.8898 ] << /A << /S /URI /Type /Annot >> endobj /Text Reaching its centenary amidst a general chorus of vilification around the region, the legacy of the secret Sykes-Picot agreement of 1916 has never looked more under assault. 9 0 obj /URI (http://books.google.com/books?id=vbJWx89nJSIC&pg=PA123&dq=&client=#PPA122,M1) >> 0 ] 445.9469 ] /Subtype /Link 70 0 R endobj 735.7969 % Page dictionary 287.9469 ] 784.9469 ] /Type /Annot >> 41 0 obj /URI (http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Sykes-Picot_Agreement) >> The defection of Russia from the war canceled the Russian aspect of the Sykes-Picot Agreement, and the Turkish Nationalists victories after the military collapse of the Ottoman Empire led to the gradual abandonment of any Italian projects for Anatolia. /Subtype /Link 0 /Subtype /Link << /Annots [ 103 0 R ] 272.9469 ] /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Straits) >> endobj 86 0 obj 78 0 obj /Type /Annot >> 4. 0 endobj /XObject << /FormXob.87498fb668a6747c1d42e61205e01678 2 0 R >> >> 595.2756 0 /Contents 148 0 R endobj /Type /Annot >> /Border [ 0 /ImageC % 'toUnicodeCMap:AAAAAA+FreeSerif': class PDFStream /Rect [ 125.8429 0 230.7969 ] << /A << /S /URI % 'Annot.NUMBER73': class PDFDictionary /Type /Action /URI (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=6) >> endobj << /A << /S /URI /Border [ 0 << /Annots [ 50 0 R 759.7969 134.7969 ] 390.7221 Get the latest History stories in your inbox? 20 0 obj /Border [ 0 503.8949 66 0 R /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire) >> 272.9469 /Rect [ 62.69291 endobj 32 0 obj /Rect [ 316.6539 << /A << /S /URI endobj 73 0 obj 87 0 R % 'Annot.NUMBER33': class PDFDictionary << /A << /S /URI /Border [ 0 /Subtype /Link << /A << /S /URI 88 0 R 0 ] endobj /Border [ 0 /Type /Annot >> /ImageC And next door in northern Syria, their fellow Kurds are essentially doing the same, controlling and running large swathes of land along the Turkish border under the title of "self-administration". /Border [ 0 % 'Annot.NUMBER2': class PDFDictionary << /A << /S /URI /Type /Annot >> endobj /Border [ 0 /F6+0 128 0 R >> V~onf0a `2.j&'v=+ 2(xm]Wr{JkZiMw ;Z3tzSm6+RU](3"-kBQf|ML# r_,RRwwy{o1-t e/0Z2w`./pd mi/w+COh=CZV^oTmjp5B thP@J!]*X*o -X W;Z0e5 80T&0m6QPz3$Wt%@7nP ~`x|qa8Y(4zEce,*bUw &^/7At@Xk-Xx=x7q+4W_m?G4n(PE+{[b^kq5@c`Ga\EN3%? /Rect [ 328.2159 << /A << /S /URI /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pravda) >> /Type /Annot >> << /A << /S /URI << /A << /S /URI Later dubbed the Sykes-Picot treaty, the secret agreement was signed by Paris and London on May 16, 1916, to become the basis on which the Levant region was shaped for years to come. Why did the Arab world reject the Oslo Accords? Why did the Sykes-Picot Agreement happen? 76 0 obj They are making it a breeding place for future war.". /Subtype /Link /ImageB % 'Page7': class PDFPage /URI (http://www.newstatesman.com/200211180010) >> It was, at the same time, in contact with the Emir and Sharif of Mecca Hussein bin Ali, who had been plotting for a revolution that aimed at establishing an Arab kingdom in the region. << /A << /S /URI /Type /Annot >> 19 0 R 631.9469 /Subtype /Link 556.9469 ] /Type /Action /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolshevik) >> 735.7969 ] /Type /Annot >> 421.6617 % 'Annot.NUMBER75': class PDFDictionary 659.9469 ] You have the Sykes-Picot Agreement, it's secret. /Subtype /Link /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Straits) >> 0 98 0 obj /Subtype /Link x{y|3#u/dIZwkx8v,8Nb;B $PJ,J|)Ky:P }P@KKy{5^H?g{4.s{F1h 170.7969 /Type /Action The Sykes-Picot agreement impacted Middle Eastern politics for many years and . Despite the Sykes-Picot Agreement, the British still appeared to support Arab self-determination at first, helping usayns son Fayal and his forces press into Syria in 1918 and establish a government in Damascus. /Type /Annot >> 114.1214 659.9469 << /A << /S /URI /Border [ 0 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean) >> 0 % 'Annot.NUMBER64': class PDFDictionary 0 ] /Subtype /Link 0 ] endobj /Rect [ 187.9135 460.9469 ] % 'Annot.NUMBER75': class PDFDictionary 242.9469 ] /Rect [ 158.2363 0 ] 334.0469 334.0469 It was out of a need to coordinate British and French interests in these regions that the Sykes-Picot Agreement was born. << /A << /S /URI /Subtype /Link 769.9469 % 'Annot.NUMBER43': class PDFDictionary /Subtype /Link % 'Annot.NUMBER95': class PDFDictionary 18 0 R Thus the Great Arab Revolt was launched on June 5, 1915. /Subtype /Link 252.3863 656.9469 % 'Annot.NUMBER68': class PDFDictionary Why was Anwar Sadat's visit to Israel important? /Contents 146 0 R 494.7969 ] /ProcSet [ /PDF /Type /Action /Rect [ 80.82091 0 On May 16, 1916, a deal was secretly signed between Sykes and Picot, and approved Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov. 13 0 obj << /A << /S /URI 0 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_%281917%29) >> /Type /Action /Rect [ 74.69291 637.9469 /Type /Action Read about our approach to external linking. 0 652.9469 /Subtype /Link endobj /Type /Action 445.9469 % 'Annot.NUMBER33': class PDFDictionary 254.7969 0 ] Why did the Second Sudan Civil War happen? 48 0 obj Meanwhile, according to Iraqi historian Sayyar al Jamil, the Ottomans strongholds in the Levant and Iraq, during the empires latter years, included the provinces of Damascus, Aleppo, Raqqa, Basra and Baghdad. 462.8337 endobj In 1915, upon Sykes recommendation, the Arab Bureau was established. The borders of these mandates split up Arab lands and ultimately led to the modern borders of Iraq, Israel and the Palestinian territories, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. 526.9134 /Subtype /Link Is climate change killing Australian wine? /Type /Page >> /ProcSet [ /PDF % 'Annot.NUMBER89': class PDFDictionary 349.0469 ] 39 0 R 0 ] %PDF-1.4 532.9469 endobj /Rect [ 220.1611 98.79685 ] /Type /Action /Type /Action 386.0429 0 ] 86 0 R 484.1069 /Border [ 0 105 0 obj /Rect [ 62.69291 /Rect [ 273.5587 /Subtype /Link 735.7969 ] 100 0 R 0 % 'toUnicodeCMap:AAAAAA+FreeSerif': class PDFStream << /A << /S /URI 155.8041 17 0 R /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanon_Vilayet) >> 0 ] 46 0 R 0 ] << /A << /S /URI The stalemate in the Arab World began to dissolve at the beginning of this century, following the 2003 US invasion of Iraq and the eruption of the 2011 Syrian revolution against President Bashar al-Assads regime, two events that set the stage for the emergence of ISIL in 2014. Britain and France had promised Arab leaders autonomous lands if the Arabs would . << /A << /S /URI 364.0469 ] /Type /Annot >> /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1917) >> 682.9469 ] They had agreed in the March 1915 Constantinople Agreement to give Russia Constantinople (Istanbul) and areas around it, which would provide access to the Mediterranean Sea.France, meanwhile, had a number of economic investments and strategic relationships in Syria, especially in the area of Aleppo, while Britain wanted secure access to India through the Suez Canal and the Persian Gulf. 386.0429 /Type /Action endobj 0 51 0 obj 43 0 R << /Annots [ 65 0 R % 'Annot.NUMBER91': class PDFDictionary << /A << /S /URI "Sykes-Picot is finished, that's for sure, but everything is now up in the air, and it will be a long time before it becomes clear what the result will be," said the veteran Lebanese Druze leader Walid Jumblatt. 0 ] 0 ] 0 ] 3 0 obj 712.9469 ] It provided a limited degree of independent Arab control over parts of Syria, Arabia and Transjordan. /Rect [ 218.3254 /URI (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turn&entity=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05.p0011&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05&isize=M) >> /Subtype /Link /Rect [ 329.9628 | READ MORE, Chris Heller is the assistant digital editor, humanities, for Smithsonian.com, 2023 Smithsonian Magazine 320.538 71 0 obj /Subtype /Link /Border [ 0 0 ] /Type /Annot >> /Type /Annot >> The company was confiscated by the allies and re-established under the name of the Iraq Petroleum Company. /Border [ 0 841.8898 ] endobj /URI (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=7) >> /Border [ 0 57 0 R /Type /Annot >> /URI (http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1916/sykespicot.html) >> 104.0529 << /A << /S /URI /Border [ 0 /Contents 149 0 R 62 0 obj /Subtype /Link 0 ] /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Russia) >> 5 0 R << /A << /S /URI This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Sykes-Picot-Agreement, Jewish Virtual Library - Pre-State Israel: The Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), Yale Law School - Lillian Goldman Law Library - Avalon Project - The Sykes-Picot Agreement : 1916, 914-1918-online. /URI (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=8) >> /Rect [ 106.8772 134.7969 ] 158.0479 /Type /Annot >> << /A << /S /URI 0 364.0469 ] /Type /Action % 'Page6': class PDFPage /Subtype /Link << /A << /S /URI /Type /Annot >> 0 ] 349.0469 ] The Iraq-Syria border post histrionically erased by IS was probably several hundred kilometres from the famous "line in the sand" drawn by Sykes and Picot, which ran almost directly from the Persian border in the north-east, down between Mosul and Kirkuk and across the desert towards the Mediterranean, veering northwards to loop around the top end of Palestine. /Rect [ 246.8929 42 0 R Even though the borders of the mandates were not determined until several years after the Sykes-Picot Agreement, the fact that the deal set the framework for these borders stoked lingering resentment well into the 21st century. 0 endobj /Rect [ 137.1511 << /Annots [ 65 0 R 89 0 obj /Type /Action The answer is a tale of intrigue that serves as a reminder of how unstable closed-door diplomacy is, and how fast quiet handshakes can cause public backlash, even in the age before Wikileaks. 72 0 R 694.9469 0 ] 12 0 R In both countries, the Kurds have proven the Western coalition's most effective allies in combating IS, although the two sides share a determination to redraw the map. /ImageB Why did Israel blockade Gaza? 25 0 R /ImageC endobj /Rect [ 386.3622 0 ] % 'Annot.NUMBER4': class PDFDictionary /Type /Action 420.3947 /URI (http://books.google.com/books?id=L7UOyPGYBkwC&pg=PA95&dq=&lr=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=3OFISe7xCY6ukASRncXEBg&client=) >> 50 0 obj 91 0 obj /Border [ 0 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq) >> 0 84 0 obj 20 0 R /Subtype /Link 547.9469 ] endobj % 'Annot.NUMBER23': class PDFDictionary 0 /Subtype /Link "We have passed through bitter experiences since the formation of the Iraqi state after World War One. 0 ] 841.8898 ] /Rect [ 109.5137 21 0 R /URI (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=6) >> << /A << /S /URI << /A << /S /URI 420.1502 /Rect [ 508.1427 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Mandate_of_Syria) >> Now a semi-independent Kurdistan in Iraq has become an anchor of stability in an increasingly violent region. /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean) >> Why did the Palestine Israeli Conflict start? 0 69 0 obj 98 0 R /Rect [ 449.9002 << /A << /S /URI endobj 77 0 R 0 171.8846 39 0 obj Why did the Peace of Nicias fail? 93 0 R 0 /Type /Action The McMahon-Hussein Agreement (1915). 84 0 obj /Subtype /Link << /A << /S /URI 751.9469 ] /Type /Annot >> << /A << /S /URI This secret agreement was revealed by the . << /A << /S /URI 671.9469 ] /URI (http://books.google.com/books?id=vbJWx89nJSIC&pg=PA123&dq=&client=#PPA122,M1) >> % 'Annot.NUMBER26': class PDFDictionary /Rect [ 131.8589 0 /Type /Action /Rotate 0 110.9465 /Type /Annot >> /URI (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=8) >>

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